Jekyll2017-11-19T21:31:26+00:00https://bionomics.github.io/bionomics.github.ioThe Biology and Economics of Mutualisms WorkshopRonald Noë2017-11-01T00:00:00+00:002017-11-01T00:00:00+00:00https://bionomics.github.io/articles/ronald-noe<p>Professor, Psychology,<br />
Université de Strasbourg, France</p>
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<h3 id="what-makes-mutualisms-markets">What makes mutualisms markets?</h3>
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<p>Comparing mutualisms, and cooperative relations in general, to interactions between traders on markets only makes sense if the market paradigm guides us towards questions, hypotheses and explanations that might otherwise not have come to mind. When do mutualisms have enough of the salient characteristics of markets, such as choice among partners, outbidding competition over partners, adaptation to changes in the supply and/or demand of commodities (goods and services) and so forth, to make biological market theory worth considering? Is the market still useful as paradigm when some features that are typical for human trading, such as binding contracts and common currencies, do not have their biological equivalent? And finally, should we also follow economics in recognizing the biological equivalent of the dichotomy between markets and firms?</p>
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<div><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/ronaldnoe/" class="btn">Homepage</a></div>What makes mutualisms markets?Redouan Bshary2017-11-01T00:00:00+00:002017-11-01T00:00:00+00:00https://bionomics.github.io/articles/redouan-bshary<p>Professor in behavioural ecology, <br />
at the University of Neuchâtel</p>
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<h3 id="biological-markets-in-cleaning-mutualism-revisited">Biological markets in cleaning mutualism revisited</h3>
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<p>Biological markets in cleaning mutualism revisitedBiological market theory has been extremely successful in predicting various aspects of mutualistic interactions, in particular payoff distributions as a function of supply and demand. Marine cleaning mutualism involving the cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus and its ‘client’ reef fishes has been a prime example for the application of market theory. Clients visit cleaners to have ectoparasites removed but cleaners prefer to eat client mucus, leading to a conflict of interest. ‘visitor’ species, i.e. species with access to several cleaning stations, use partner choice/switching as a partner control mechanism to make cleaners feed against their preference and hence give a good service. Furthermore, cleaners give visitors priority over resident client species that have access to the local cleaner only. Nevertheless, several recent experiments of our group show that we have to develop biological market theory further in order to explain additional results. I will focus on two factors that may play a role in other markets as well. First, it is important to clarify how market forces interact with other important features of a system, like the degree of the temptation to cheat and alternative partner control mechanisms like punishment. Second, a key feature of human markets – the possibility to accumulate money – does not apply to biological markets. Instead, obtaining food in return for services like protection or transport is best described with a function of diminishing returns. Such functions may have interesting effects on market dynamics.</p>
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<div><a href="https://www2.unine.ch/ethol/page-5883.html" class="btn">Homepage</a></div>Biological markets in cleaning mutualism revisitedRebecca Hoyle2017-11-01T00:00:00+00:002017-11-01T00:00:00+00:00https://bionomics.github.io/articles/rebecca-hoyle<p>University of Southampton</p>
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<h3 id="modelling-social-influence-on-cooperation-the-public-goods-game-on-a-multiplex-network">Modelling social influence on cooperation: the public goods game on a multiplex network</h3>
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<p>We consider economic and social influences on the evolution of cooperative behaviour using a modified public goods game on a multiplex network as a model. We find that social influence leads to the persistence of initial cooperation strategies and so can promote the survival of highly cooperative strategies even when the economic reward for cooperation is relatively modest. This result holds for a range of social norms and for differing economic and social group structures.</p>
<div><a href="http://www.southampton.ac.uk/maths/about/staff/rbh2c14.page" class="btn">Homepage</a></div>Modelling social influence on cooperation: the public goods game on a multiplex networkRebecca Batstone2017-11-01T00:00:00+00:002017-11-01T00:00:00+00:00https://bionomics.github.io/articles/rebecca-batstone<p>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto</p>
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<h3 id="experimentally-evolving-partners-evidence-for-the-rapid-evolution-of-nodulation-ability-in-the-legume-rhizobium-mutualism">Experimentally evolving partners: evidence for the rapid evolution of nodulation ability in the legume-rhizobium mutualism</h3>
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<p>Traits that allow a focal mutualist to preferentially associate with or allocate rewards to higher quality partners (i.e., preference traits) are thought to maintain mutualism stability over evolutionary time as lower quality, potentially cheating, partners receive less benefits. Despite abundant evidence that preference traits are widespread, variation in partner quality persists in nature. In order to investigate the factors that drive variation in partner quality, I experimentally evolved two strains of the rhizobium <em>Ensifer meliloti</em> that differed in their ability to fix nitrogen, one being effective and the other ineffective, with five <em>Medicago truncatula</em> lines that previously showed marked variation in preference for the effective strain. I quantified the proportion of each strain associating with each plant line across five growing seasons (lasting c. two months each), and found that the proportion of nodules occupied by the ineffective strain was greater than predicted, even for plant lines thought to prefer the effective strain. As a follow-up, I inoculated the same plant lines with rhizobia isolated from the end of the evolution experiment (i.e., derived isolates) and those from the beginning of the experiment (i.e., ancestral isolates), and found that within only one year of rhizobia “evolution”, the ineffective strain evolved to be much better at nodulating all plant lines, and in some instances, increased in quality. The observed degree of rapid evolution for improved nodulation and partner quality explains why the ineffective strain persisted over time, and has important implications for legumes colonizing new habitats where mismatched partners may be present (e.g., during range expansions, biological invasions, and in agro-ecosystems).</p>
<div><a href="http://rtbatstone.weebly.com" class="btn">Homepage</a></div>Evolution of passwords for cost-free honest signalling between symbionts and hostsPeter Hammerstein2017-11-01T00:00:00+00:002017-11-01T00:00:00+00:00https://bionomics.github.io/articles/peter-hammerstein<p>Professor,<br />
Institute for Theoretical Biology,<br />
Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Germany</p>
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<h3 id="bacteria-playing-jekyll-and-hyde-in-a-mutualistic-relationship">Bacteria playing Jekyll and Hyde in a mutualistic relationship</h3>
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<p>The term mutualism usually refers to a mutually beneficial interaction between organisms of different species. This “plus-plus” condition refers to the ‘bottom line’ of each organism and can be satisfied even if the members of one species inflict immense harm on members of the other and are far from being anything like true cooperators. This is nicely illustrated by the relation-ship between intracellular bacteria, Wolbachia, and their arthropod hosts. The dramatic selfish manipulations that we see in allegedly mutualistic Wolbachia-host relationships raise the following question: How useful is the concept of mutualism and to what extent does it mislead us to see more cooperation in nature than there really is. The current academic discourse on Wolbachia-host mutualism demonstrates the importance of this question - a question also of great relevance to the debate on so called holobiomes. I argue that a simple holobiome perspective on the microbiome suffers, in particular, from ignoring the ‘Jekyll-and-Hyde’ patterns of symbiont action.</p>
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<div><a href="https://www.biologie.hu-berlin.de/en/gruppenseiten-en/sfb618/people/hammerstein_peter" class="btn">Homepage</a></div>Bacteria playing Jekyll and Hyde in a mutualistic relationshipOlivia Roth2017-11-01T00:00:00+00:002017-11-01T00:00:00+00:00https://bionomics.github.io/articles/olivia-roth<p>Junior Group Leader,<br />
Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR),<br />
Kiel, Germany</p>
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<h3 id="title">Title</h3>
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<div><a href="http://www.geomar.de/mitarbeiter/fb3/ev/oroth/" class="btn">Homepage</a></div>Title of talkNaomi Pierce2017-11-01T00:00:00+00:002017-11-01T00:00:00+00:00https://bionomics.github.io/articles/naomi-pierce<p>Hessel Professor of Biology,<br />
Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology,<br />
Harvard University, USA</p>
<p>Curator of Lepidoptera in the Museum of Comparative Zoology</p>
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<h3 id="title">Title</h3>
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<div><a href="http://piercelab.oeb.harvard.edu" class="btn">Homepage</a></div>Title of talkMichelle Afkhami2017-11-01T00:00:00+00:002017-11-01T00:00:00+00:00https://bionomics.github.io/articles/michelle-afkhami<p>Assistant Professor of Ecology,<br />
Department of Biology,<br />
University of Miami</p>
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<h3 id="scaling-down-and-scaling-up-from-mutualistic-effects-on-fitness">Scaling down and scaling up from mutualistic effects on fitness</h3>
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<p>A fundamental aspect of mutualisms is that they result in net positive fitness effects for the participating species. To gain a more complete understanding of mutualistic interactions across levels of biological organization, research must scale down to understand the mechanistic basis of these fitness effects and scale up from individual fitness to their consequences for higher order biological processes. In this talk, I will discuss studies from my lab both scaling up and scaling down from the fitness effects of microbial mutualists (e.g., mycorrhizal fungi, rhizobia, fungal endophytes) on plants using a combination of manipulative experiments, next-generation sequencing, selection analysis, and demographic modeling. Specifically, I will explore the molecular basis of interactive effects of multiple mutualistic symbionts on host fitness, their consequences for selection on host plant traits and for fitness alignment between plants and mutualists, and whether microbial effects on individual plant performance influence host population persistence. We document pervasive mutualist-driven genome-wide changes in gene expression that can be linked to synergistic fitness effects of multispecies mutualisms. We also find that mutualist diversity leads to surprising non-additive effects on gene expression and non-additive selection on host traits, fitness alignment between partners depends on the presence of a third party-mutualist, and microbial mutualists are required for population persistence of an endangered plant species.</p>
<div><a href="https://michelleafkhami.wordpress.com" class="btn">Homepage</a></div>Scaling down and scaling up from mutualistic effects on fitnessMegan Frederickson2017-11-01T00:00:00+00:002017-11-01T00:00:00+00:00https://bionomics.github.io/articles/megan-frederickson<p>Associate Professor,<br />
Ecology & Evolutionary Biology,<br />
University of Toronto, Canada</p>
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<h3 id="from-micro--to-macro-evolutionary-perspectives-on-mutualism-evolution">From micro- to macro-evolutionary perspectives on mutualism evolution</h3>
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<p>There are two conflicting ideas about mutualism evolution. On the one hand, mutualisms are widely expected to be destabilized by fitness conflicts between partners or selection for “cheating,” meaning that mutualisms ought to be transient interactions that break down frequently over ecological or evolutionary time. Furthermore, the specialized life histories of some mutualists may constrain their abundance or range, or increase their risk of extinction. On the other hand, the evolution of mutualism may broaden the niche of a lineage, provide new ecological opportunity, and even lead to adaptive radiation, meaning that mutualists may be more ecologically or evolutionarily successful than non-mutualists. I will describe recent work from my lab that sheds light on whether the evolution of mutualism causes lineages to founder, or whether it helps lineages flourish.</p>
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<div><a href="http://mutualism.ca" class="btn">Homepage</a></div>From micro- to macro-evolutionary perspectives on mutualism evolutionLaura Hernandez2017-11-01T00:00:00+00:002017-11-01T00:00:00+00:00https://bionomics.github.io/articles/laura-hernandez<p>Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Modélisatio, University de Cergy-Pontoise, France</p>
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<h3 id="the-role-of-mutualistic-interactions-as-market-stabilizers">The role of mutualistic interactions as market stabilizers</h3>
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<p>Unlike cooperative systems, where interacting agents put some effort together in order to achieve a common goal, in mutualistic systems, the agents’ goals may be very different and it is the interaction itself which is beneficial for the agents. The standard example of such systems is a plant-pollinator community, where the observed network of interactions shows a particular ordering called nestedness [1]; however, mutualistic interactions may be observed also in socio-economic systems. In this talk we explain how the tools developed to study ecosystems help to understand the role of social interactions in trading. In a vast economic literature concerning markets’ organisation, it is widely accepted that auction markets are the most efficient way of organizing the exchanges [2]. However, it has recently been underlined that, when there exists no signal of quality for the goods, bilateral transactions allow people to gather information and better evaluate good’s intrinsic quality [3, 4]. We present a data based study of the Boulogne-Sur-Mer Fish Market, where the actors can daily choose to exchange either through a bilateral process or through an auction one. Since 2006, both sub-market forms operate at the same location, under the same conditions. Against what could have been expected, the more efficient structure taking over the other, both sub-markets coexist. Our results indicate that instead of competing, these sub-markets seem complementary. We show that their specificities can be directly measured from the corresponding interaction network, namely the development of trust relationships in the bilateral sub-market and the robustness of the auction one. This complementarity may be at the origin of the observed coexistence.</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>J. Bascompte, P. Jordano, C.J. Melián, and J.M. Olesen, The nested assembly of plant-animal mutualistic networks Proc.Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 9383 (2003).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Grossman,S.J.andStiglitz,J.E.(1976).The American Economic Review, 246-253.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Moreno, D. and Wooders, J., International Economic Review 51(2), 383–399 (2010).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Hautcoeur, P. C., and Riva, A. The Economic History Review, 65(4), 1326-1353 (2012).</p>
</li>
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<div><a href="https://www.u-cergy.fr/en/_plugins/mypage/mypage/content/laura.html" class="btn">Homepage</a></div>The role of mutualistic interactions as market stabilizers